PL EN
Wyroby z żelaza i obróbka tego metalu na terenie grodu w Dawidgródku nad Horyniem (Białoruś)
 
Więcej
Ukryj
1
badacz niezależny
 
 
Data publikacji: 31-12-2003
 
 
Wiadomości Archeologiczne 2003;LVI(56):431-450
 
SŁOWA KLUCZOWE
DZIEDZINY
STRESZCZENIE
The article discusses iron finds from the early medieval settlement centre at Davyd-Garadok: weapons (spear point – fig. 1d, arrowhead – fig. 1b, fragments of plate armour), elements of riding gear and horse trappings (spur – fig. 2, crampon – fig. 1a, small hoop, possibly an element of a horse-bit – fig. 1c, buckle for securing the saddle-belt – fig. 3c), dress fittings (buckles – fig. 3a.b), tools (knives – fig. 4c–h, axe head – fig. 6, chisel – fig. 4b, awl (?) – fig. 4a, gouge –fig. 5a, fragments of half-scythes – fig. 5b), objects of daily use (cylindrical locks – fig. 7c.d, a key – fig. 7a, staples – fig. 7b, fittings, nails, obscure objects) and iron working half-products (two lumps of slag). Wood-working tools (axe, chisel, knives) and the profusion of wooden objects3 testify to the popularity of this material in all walks of life. Knives were also used in local production of fine objects of antler and bone. A large iron implement discovered at Davyd-Garadok, presumably an usually large type of awl, points to the importance of leather working and making of leather footwear. Local shoemaking is evidenced by a wooden shoemaker’s last discovered in 1967, the impressive quantity of leather scraps, fragments of shoe wear as well as complete shoes found on the remains of individuals buried in oak wood coffins. Neither the studies made by R. Jakimowicz and J. Marciniak or the 1967 excavations of P. F. Lysenko produced evidence that iron was smelted within the settlement itself. The pre war investigation produced some pieces of cake iron, the 1967 study, an implement used in working this raw material (two pairs of iron tongs from a layer dated to the 1st half of the 13th century, an iron blacksmith’s punch from an early 13th century), indicating the existence on the Castle Mount at Davyd-Garadok of a blacksmith’s workshop (P. F. Lysenko 1969, p. 372, 374, fig. 12; 1974, p. 131, fig. 37:3). Iron objects discovered at Davyd-Garadok were produced using the prevailing technique of plastic working in which iron was forged using also a variety of operations such as stretching, expanding, offsetting or cutting. Some of the iron pieces have punched openings (eg knives with a band-like handle – fig. 4e.f, the fitting – cat. 32, awl – fig. 4a), the crafting of others involved bending (eg lock – fig. 7c.d, staple – fig. 7b, chain link – cat. 47, hoop – fig. 1c) and twisting of iron rods (eg knife – fig. 4h). The technique, popular in Ruthenia, of making tools with a cutting edge in which two layers of iron and a layer of steel in between were welded, in the period in question (12th century onwards) was slowly on its way out, replaced by blades fitted with a steel bit on their cutting edge (B. A. Kolčin 1985, p. 253). This latter method may have been used in making the cutting tools discovered at Davyd-Garadok (knives, half- -scythes, chisel, the gouge, axe-head, points). Some of the iron items may have been additionally subjected to heat treatment. Simple objects such as nails, buckles, staples, etc, were presumably fashioned from uniform raw iron but the smiths of Davyd-Garadok were also acquainted with the method of joining iron using copper-based solder. This is evidenced by the cylindrical locks (Fig. 7c.d), which were produced using this technology (B. A. Kolčin 1957, p. 243). Individual elements of iron objects were also joined with rivets (armour, knives with a band--like handle – fig. 4e.f). Next to basic operations associated with finishing the surface of the produced objects, such as grinding, smoothing or polishing, the surface of some iron objects was coated with non-ferrous metal – lead-tin alloy (Fig. 4a), copper (Fig. 7c.d), tin (cat. 32), or silver (cat. 33), which enhanced the decorative value of the object and equally importantly, protected it against corrosion. The pre-war research at Davyd-Garadok uncovered iron semi-finished products in the form of two cakes of iron, which contained – as subsequently confirmed by spectrographic analysis – a substantial amount of metal. Later the material was probably forged at Davyd-Garadok to obtain pure iron. L. Koziorowska suggests7 that it may have been used in producing the plates of the armour, one of the locks (Fig. 7c) and a fitting (cat. 33). Perhaps the iron semi-finished product in question had come from iron smelting workshops in the area of Davyd-Garadok, supplied in this form, for further treatment at the settlement center. Evidence obtained from excavating medieval settlement centers found in the Turaů province is insufficient to establish whether iron was smelted within these strongholds. Probably smelted iron in the form of cakes (bloom, rus. kritsa/крица) was supplied to the regional center by iron smelters from the surrounding villages in exchange for objects produced by craftsmen operating in that settlement (P. F. Lysenko 1974, p. 191; 1991, p. 111; B. A. Kolčin 1985, p. 245). Such commercial forms of raw iron have been recorded at Pěnsk, Turaů, Brest, Slutsk), and areas adjacent to Turaů province – Minsk or Vaúkavysk (L. V. Koledinskij 1988, p. 366; P. F. Lysenko 1991, p. 111). They are also known from ia Novgorod, Ruthenia (ca 2 kg) and from sites in Latvia and Lithuania (F. D. Gurin 1987, p. 17). Rich deposits of bog and meadow iron ore found in the drainage basin of the Pripyat’ river were until the 18th century the basis of local iron metallurgy (P. F. Lysenko 1991, p. 111). It cannot be excluded that a part of the high quality raw iron entered the region through long-distance trade from northern Europe, as was the case in the region of Polatsk (F. D. Gurin 1987, p. 105, 112). Starting from the 12th century the function of the iron smelter and blacksmith previously performed by a single craftsman was gradually becoming separate (F. D. Gurin 1987, p. 108). Activity of blacksmiths in the settlement centers of Turaů province is evidenced further by finds of iron working tools and by the large number of iron products themselves. Widespread presence of not only simple pieces but also of items requiring more sophisticated methods of production suggests that iron working in the region had achieved the status of an independent and specialized craft (P. F. Lysenko 1974, p. 188–189; 1991, p. 111). The blacksmith working the smithy at Davyd-Garadok presumably supplied his wares not only to the residents of his own settlement but also to the local rural population, who exchanged their products for those made by the craftsmen of their regional settlement center. Although the site at Davyd-Garadok produced just a few elements of weaponry (a spear point and arrow head), discovery of a the fragment of plate armour and a spur, along with a buckle, possibly the fastening of a saddle belt, testify to the presence of horse riders within that settlement center. The presence of horses at Davyd-Garadok is evidenced not only by their bone remains but also by the find of a crampon – an iron fastened to the horse’s hooves to facilitate walking over ice. Winter fishing under the ice is suggested by the iron gouge used for making holes in the ice. Animal husbandry is evidenced by finds of iron half-scythes used to cut hay for animal fodder. Iron sickles discovered after World War II indicate that inhabitants of Davyd-Garadok engaged in farming. Daily life of the settlement centre is reflected by finds of numerous nails, fittings or knives. The latter were probably an all-purpose implement, used at home and in the workshop, although one of these specimens (cat. 19) may be suspected of having been used for surgical purposes. Staples, rings for fastening doors, and particularly, iron locks and keys discovered at Davyd-Garadok cast some light on the social situation in the stronghold. The residents of the settlement must have been wealthy enough to care for their property by locking their houses with locks.
 
REFERENCJE (68)
1.
Alekseev, P. V., Polockaja zemlja (očerki istorii severnoj Belorussii) v IX–XIII vv., Moskva, 1966.
 
2.
Aleškovskij, M. Ch., Kurgany russkich družinnikov, Sovetskaâ Arheologiâ 1960/1, 1960, s. 70–90.
 
3.
Bielenin, K., Żelazo, (w:) J. K. Kozłowski, S. K. Kozłowski (red.), Człowiek i środowisko w pradziejach, Warszawa, 1983, s. 153–168.
 
4.
Blěfeld, D. I., Davn’orus’kě pam’jatki Šestovicě, Kiďv, 1977.
 
5.
Bukowska-Gedigowa, J., Gediga, B., Wczesnośredniowieczny gród na Ostrówku w Opolu, Wrocław, 1986.
 
6.
Cofta, A., Wyniki badań na grodzisku wczesnośredniowiecznym w Błoniu, pow. Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Materiały Wczesnośredniowieczne III (1951), 1953, s. 1–51.
 
7.
Černecov, A. V., Kuza, A. V., Kir’janova, N. A., Zemledelie i promysly, (w:) Drevnjaja Rus’. Gorod, zamok, selo, Moskva, 1985, s. 219–242.
 
8.
Černikov, V. F., Krepost’ „Olen’ja Gora” bliz Lyskovo na Volge, Kratkie Soobŝeniâ Instituta Arheologii Akademii Nauk SSSR 110, 1967, s. 86–91.
 
9.
Darkevič, V. P., Raskopki na Južnom gorodišče Staroj Rjazani (1966–1969), (w:) Archeologija Rjazanskoj zamli, Moskva, 1974, s. 19–71.
 
10.
Dovženok, V. J., Gončarov, V. K., Jura, R. O., Drevn’orus’ke město Voďn’, Kiďv, 1966.
 
11.
Grozdilov, G. P., Raskopki drevnego Pskova, Archeologičeskij sbornik 4, 1962, s. 7–76.
 
12.
Gurevič, F. D., Drevnij Novogrudok, Leningrad, 1981.
 
13.
Gurin, M. F., Kuznečnoe remeslo Polockoj zemli IX–XIII vv., Minsk, 1987.
 
14.
Hensel, W., Słowiańszczyzna wczesnośredniowieczna (wyd. IV), Warszawa, 1987.
 
15.
Hilczerówna, Z., Ostrogi polskie z X–XIII wieku, Poznań, 1956.
 
16.
Jakimowicz, R., Dawidgródek, Pińsk, 1939.
 
17.
Juško, A. A., Chomutova, L. S., Noži iz raskopok Zvenigoroda Moskovskogo, Kratkie Soobŝeniâ Instituta Arheologii Akademii Nauk SSSR 164, 1981, s. 116–119.
 
18.
Kamińska, J., Siedlątków, obronna siedziba rycerska z XIV w., Prace i Materiały Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w Łodzi, seria archeologiczna 15, 1968, s. 15–88.
 
19.
Karger, M. K., Kiev i mongol’skoe zavoevanie, Sovetskaâ Arheologiâ XI, 1949, s. 55–102.
 
20.
Karger, M. K., Drevnij Kiev, Moskva-Leningrad, 1958.
 
21.
Kaźmierczyk, J., Wrocław lewobrzeżny we wczesnym średniowieczu, cz. II, Wrocław, 1970.
 
22.
Kiersnowska, T., Czersk w XIII i XIV wieku. Ośrodek władzy książęcej na południowym Mazowszu, Warszawa, 1986.
 
23.
Kirpičnikov, A. N., Drevnerusskoe oružie, cz. 3, Leningrad, 1971.
 
24.
Kirpičnikov, A. N., Snarjaženie vsadnika i verchovogo konia na Rusi IX–XIII v., Leningrad, 1973.
 
25.
Kirpičnikov, A. N., Voennoe delo na Rusi, Leningrad, 1976.
 
26.
Kirpičnikov, A. N., Medvedev, A. F., Vooruženie, (w:) Drevnjaja Rus’. Gorod, zamok, selo, Moskva, 1985, s. 298–363.
 
27.
Kolčin, B. A., Železoobrabatyvajuščee remeslo Novgoroda Velikogo, Materialy i isssledovaniâ po arheologii SSSR 65, 1959, s. 7–119.
 
28.
Kolčin, B. A., Remeslo, (w:) Drevnjaja Rus’. Gorod, zamok, selo, Moskva, 1985, s. 243–297.
 
29.
Kołczin, B. A., Kunszt staroruskich kowali, (w:) Śladami dawnych kultur. Dawna Ruś, Warszawa, 1957, s. 215–252.
 
30.
Koledinskij, L. V., Raboty w Slucke, (w:) Archeologičeskie otkrytija 1985 goda, Moskva, 1987, s. 452–453.
 
31.
Koledinskij, L. V., Raskopki na detince drevnego Slucka, (w:) Archeologičeskie otkrytija 1986 goda, Moskva, 1988, s. 366–367.
 
32.
Korobuškina, T. N., Zemledelie na teritorii Belorussii X–XIII v.v., Minsk, 1979.
 
33.
Kučera, M. P., Drevněj Plěsnes’k, Archeologěčně pam’jatki URSR XII, 1962, s. 3–56.
 
34.
Lebedev, G. S., Gorodec pod Lugoj (predvaritel’noe soobščenie), Kratkie Soobŝeniâ Instituta Arheologii Akademii Nauk SSSR 135, 1973, s. 72–76.
 
35.
Levaševa, V. P., Sel’skoe chozjajstvo, (w:) Očerki po istorii russkoj derevni X––XIII vv., Trudy GIM 32, Moskva, 1956, s. 19–105.
 
36.
Lysenko, P. F., Raskopki gorodišča drevnerusskogo David-Gorodka v 1967 godu, (w:) Drevnosti Belorussii, Minsk, 1969, s. 352–382.
 
37.
Lysenko, P. F., Goroda Turovskoj zemli, Minsk, 1974.
 
38.
Lysenko, P. F., Berest’e, Minsk, 1985.
 
39.
Lysenko, P. F., Dregoviči, Minsk, 1991.
 
40.
Mezenceva, G. G., Drevn’orus’koe město Roden’, Knjaža Gora, Kěďv, 1968.
 
41.
Mirek-Kukułka, A., Przedmioty metalowe z badań na zamku w Czchowie w 1993 roku, Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego za rok 1993, 1994, s. 281–293.
 
42.
Mitrofanov, A. G., Železnyj vek srednej Belorussii (VII–VI vv. do n.č. – VIII v. n.č.), Minsk, 1977.
 
43.
Mongajt, A. L., Staraja Rjazan’, Moskva, 1955.
 
44.
Moszyński, K., Kultura ludowa Słowian, cz. I, Kultura materialna, Kraków, 1929.
 
45.
Musianowicz, K., Drohiczyn we wczesnym średniowieczu, Materiały Wczesnośredniowieczne VI, 1969, s. 7–235.
 
46.
Nadolski, A., Uzbrojenie w Polsce średniowiecznej 1350–1450, Łódź, 1990.
 
47.
Nikol’skaja, T. N., Drevnerusskoe selišče Lebedka, Sovetskaâ Arheologiâ 1957/3, 1957, s. 176–197.
 
48.
Nikol’skaja, T. N., Vorotynsk, (w:) Drevnjaja Rus’ i Slavjane, Moskva, 1978, s. 118–128.
 
49.
Nikol’skaja, T. N., Zemlja Vjatičej. K istorii naselenija bassejna verchnej i srednej Oki v IX–XIII vv., Moskva, 1981.
 
50.
Ovsjannikov, O. V., Peskova, A. A., Zamki i ključi iz raskopok Izjaslavlja, Kratkie Soobŝeniâ Instituta Arheologii Akademii Nauk SSSR 171, 1982, s. 93–99.
 
51.
Piaskowski, J., Rodzaje rud stosowanych do wytopu żelaza na ziemiach polskich w starożytności i we wczesnym średniowieczu, (w:) Surowce mineralne w pradziejach i we wczesnym średniowieczu Europy Środkowej, Wrocław, 1988, s. 63–80.
 
52.
Pěvavarčyk, S. A., Novyja dasledavannja na garadziščach Panjamonnja X–XIII stst., (w:) Archaealagěčnaja pomněkě Grodzenščyny, Grodno, 1992, s. 67–71.
 
53.
Rauhut, L., Wczesnośredniowieczne materiały z terenów Ukrainy w Państwowym Muzeum Archeologicznym w Warszawie, Materiały Wczesnośredniowieczne V, 1960, s. 231–260.
 
54.
Rauhutowa, J., Czersk we wczesnym średniowieczu od VII do XII wieku, Wrocław, 1976.
 
55.
Ravdina, T. V., O vremeni vizniknovenija Brjanska, Kratkie Soobŝeniâ Instituta Arheologii Akademii Nauk SSSR 135, 1973, s. 66–71.
 
56.
Sedov, V. V., Sel’skie poselenija central’nych rajonov Smolenskoj zemli (VIII–XV vv.), Materialy i isssledovaniâ po arheologii SSSR 92, 1960.
 
57.
Sedova, M. V., Belen’kaja, D. A., Okol’nyj gorod Suzdalja, (w:) Drevnerusskie goroda, Moskva, 1981, s. 95–115.
 
58.
Suchobokov, O. V., Zalězoobrobna sprava za materěalami rozkopok davn’orus’kogo archeologěčnogo kompleksu poblizu s. Něcacha Sums’koď obl., Archeologěja 3, 1995, s. 53–68.
 
59.
Ščeglova, V. V., K voprosu o životnovodstve i ochote v Belorussii v srednie veka (po materialam raskopok archeologičeskich pamjatnikov), (w:) Drevnosti Belorussii, Minsk, 1969, s. 406–426.
 
60.
Štychov, G. V., Raskopki v Logoiske v 1968 g., (w:) Tezisy dokladov k konferencii po archeologii Belorussii, Minsk, 1969, s. 122–126.
 
61.
Štychov, G. V., Drevnij Polock, Minsk, 1975.
 
62.
Timoščuk, B. A., Rusanova, I. P., Vtoroe zbručskoe (krutilovskoe) svjatilišče (po materialam raskopok 1985 g.), (w:) Drevnosti Slavjan i Rusi, Moskva, 1988, s. 78–91.
 
63.
Voronin, N. N., Drevnee Grodno, Moskva, 1954.
 
64.
Voznesenskaja, G. A., O složenii proizvodstvennych tradicij v drevnerusskoj metalloobrabotke, Archeologěja 3, 1995, s. 47–52.
 
65.
Wachowski, K., Militaria z grodu na Ostrówku w Opolu, (w:) B. Gediga (red.), Studia nad kulturą wczesnopolskiego Opola. Militaria – bursztyn, Wrocław, 1984, s. 11–112.
 
66.
Zagorul’skij, E. M., Vozniknovenie Minska, Minsk, 1982.
 
67.
Zverugo, Ja. G., Sel’skochozjajstvennye i promyslovye orudija iz raskopok Volkovyska, (w:) Drevnosti Belorussii, Minsk, 1969, s. 383–393.
 
68.
Zverugo, Ja. G., Drevnij Volkovysk, Minsk, 1975.
 
ISSN:0043-5082
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top